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Allianz Climate Literacy Survey 2023:
High anxiety meets low literacy
in the fight against climate change
In her Botany 101 class, Robin Wall Kimmerer—a scientist, SUNY distinguished professor, and the author of the NYT bestseller Braiding Sweetgrass—asked her students if they love the Earth. After a resounding ‘yes’ she then asked them: do you think that the Earth loves you back? This time around, the students were uncertain. The question seemed kind of unscientific, emotional, but on the other end of the emotions spectrum, where we do not usually venture to talk about environmentalism or climate action. So much of what we think about when it comes to climate change and climate action is finger-wagging, gloom-and-doom, and shame.
In discussions about climate change, we often talk about systemic causation, i.e. connections that might, on the first glance, appear to be disconnected, like the link between severe blizzards and global warming, for example. Because climate change is a systemic issue that involves a myriad of aspects and layers of interconnected problems, we tend to easily get lost in this jungle of issues, ending up confused, or worse—indifferent and disheartened. What Kimmerer does in her book is make the problem of systemic causation more palpable by reminding us of what we already know, but somehow tend to forget: that within an ecosystem, everything is connected. The transformative power of climate action therefore lies in recognizing this reciprocal relationship with our environment and understanding our inseparability from it.
However, when doom-and-gloom take over, we become distressed. As a result, according to the Reuters Institute’s Digital News Report 2023, we start to selectively avoid specific news that are repeated excessively or are felt to be ‘emotionally draining.’ Allianz Research’s newly published second edition of the Climate Literacy Survey confirms this: the omnipresence of certain topics leads to detachment and ignorance.
Reality check: waning climate literacy
The second edition of Allianz Research’s Climate Literacy Survey, which encompassed almost 8,000 individuals across eight diverse countries (Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, the UK, and the U.S.), uncovers that nearly half (48.2%) of respondents possess low climate literacy, a significant increase from 2021. This lack of awareness spans from China (41.1%) to as high as 58.0% in India, with only a meager 7.9% demonstrating high climate knowledge, ranging from 3.6% in India to 12.8% in Brazil.
This climate fatigue reflected in numbers is most apparent in opinions toward rising temperatures. Awareness of the risks of temperatures exceeding 1.5 °C has dropped from 67% to 50% over two years. Conversely, 35% now believe that nature and humans can adapt without severe impacts, up from 20% in 2021. This complacency, especially in disaster-prone countries like India (52%) and China (49%), is highly concerning.
The general lack of climate literacy impacts various aspects, from scientific knowledge to policy awareness and carbon footprint understanding. About 51% believe that merely halting emission increases will prevent a climate crisis, with this view varying from 35% in France to 61% in China. Only 31% of respondents recognize the need for a drastic emissions reduction, with figures at 26% in the U.S. and 43% in France.
Younger generations lag behind in climate literacy
Contrary to expectations, younger generations are less informed about climate issues than their older counterparts, with a higher proportion of low climate literacy and lower high literacy levels.
In Brazil and Italy, there seems to be a link between climate commitment and knowledge. Brazilian Millennials show the highest climate literacy at 14.9%, while in Italy, it's Gen-Z leading at 8.4%. However, despite these differences, overall climate knowledge across age groups remains worryingly low.
Action tied to awareness
What the Survey showed is that climate literacy is a decisive lever for individual climate action. Simply put, the more knowledgeable we are about climate issues, the more willing we are to make personal efforts in reducing our carbon footprints. While only a small minority (6.9%) of respondents remain inactive, most people engage in some form of climate protection, especially those with higher climate literacy. This group is notably more proactive in reducing their environmental impact.
Climate anxiety high despite knowledge gaps
Contrary to climate literacy levels, climate anxiety is notably high, with 76.8% of respondents expressing concern or alarm about climate change. Italy and Brazil lead with over 86% concerned, while in the U.S., two-thirds are anxious. Interestingly, 12.6% of U.S. participants deny the existence of climate change, the highest denial rate in the Survey. Age is a factor that doesn't significantly predict climate anxiety levels.
As climate anxiety increases, low climate literacy decreases. Knowledge helps mitigate unfounded fears, but it is not a complete solution. About a third of skeptics understand the basics of climate change, but remain in denial and nearly half of the highly concerned lack substantial knowledge. This indicates that emotions also play a crucial role in shaping lasting attitudes toward climate change.
The emotional dimension and populist manipulation
The Survey highlights the critical role of emotional responses in shaping climate perceptions. Emotional reactions, coupled with low climate literacy, can be exploited for populist agendas, oversimplifying complex issues and undermining expert opinions.
Policymaking in the face of climate illiteracy
In the upcoming election year, climate change could be a pivotal political issue, particularly as populist rhetoric increases around mitigation policies. To counteract this, policymakers should consider a three-pronged strategy:
- Clear and unwavering signals must be sent to industries and households about the commitment to the green transition. Establishing clear and shared goals is key to keeping the public engaged and challenging the perception that a net-zero lifestyle is exclusive or elitist.
- Merging consistent climate targets with social protection is crucial. The delay in promised compensations, like the climate dividend, only fuels climate populism.
- The fight for better climate literacy is paramount, especially in an emotionally charged climate debate.
You can explore the new edition of Allianz Research’s Climate Literacy Survey 2023 here:
Allianz Climate Literacy Survey 2023
Allianz Climate Literacy Survey 2023
About Allianz
* Including non-consolidated entities with Allianz customers.
** As of September 30, 2024.
** As of September 30, 2024.
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